This morning we went to watch Wellington Dam overflow here are some photos. They just don't capture the noise!

One of the reasons that we chose to move to this town was its access to bush land and state forest. Today we finally got around to having a proper walk. With some of Haydons work mates and Natalya in a special baby tramping back pack we walked for two hours. We saw a few wildflowers but suspect it may be a bit early for some. Tomorrow we are going to have a look at the Wellington Dam. It is over flowing - only happens every few years. I had a soak in the bath tonight but I suspect I am going to be sore tomorrow.

Pumpkin reunited with her grandmother.
At last this little girl is with someone she knows. I seem to remember hearing that she has previously spent a bit of time with her grandmother so she knows her. I don't think she has met her half sister. One of the tv stations the other night referred to her half sister as her step sister. There is a big difference. I have a half brother and I correct anyone who refers to him as my step brother.

Can you believe that this 'news' piece headlined our television news tonight.

Just found an article about the number of shows with gay characters in it. Apparently the number shows with gay characters is decreasing this year.

I have blisters on my nipples, bite marks scratches and bruises on various parts of my body and my husband had a fat lip from where she head butted him. The dogs have learned to avoid her - or they get their fur pulled.
Dangerous creatures babies. She is 9 months old today.

www.visualthesaurus.com/
great for creative writing

http://learner.org/

After months of Natalya waking up every hour to feed, sleeping in our bed at night, only sleeping during the day while I am holding her and sometimes insisting on being held all night I finally reached the point where I was desperate enough to try something similar to controlled crying.
Haydon has some time off work to recover from eye surgery so the day after his surgery after Natalya had insisted on being held all night (I sleep holding her but it is not a proper refreshing sleep, especially as she wakes every hour for a feed) we agreed I would get tough.
I fed her to sleep and then put her in her cot. When she cried I just held her hand and rubbed her chest and talked to her to let her know that I was there. She screamed and screamed because I wouldn't pick her up. Eventually I dragged her cot next to our bed and lay down with my hand and foot through the bar to make contact with her. Eventually she fell asleep. When she woke up an hour later I didn't pick her up. I held her hand and reassured her that I was there, she cried but after a bit went back to sleep and slept for four and a half hours! I went to sleep about half an hour after her so I had about a 4 hour chunk of sleep. The longest chunk of sleep I have had in longer than I want to admit to. When she woke up I fed her and put her back in her cot. She slept for another three hours.
I woke up that morning feeling amazing. Wow, sleep I had forgotten how good it could feel. Now she is even having day sleeps in her cot. The first day she had a day sleep of over 2 hours. Now her day sleeps are about 1 hour long but I don't have to hold her the whole time.
Most of my Minti-ing was done one handed while holding her while I fed her or held her while I slept. Guess I won't get much chance to Minti or surf  the net anymore. With her in her cot I will actually be able to get some house work done and maybe some sewing.
Anyway getting back to my original question
Is it still called controlled crying when you are holding her hand?

To those of you who took offense at my use of the word artificial I apologize.
I have reported the comment to have it deleted.

 I have copped quite a bit of flack for my blogs on breastfeeding. I have been accused of attacking mothers who could not breastfeed.
If anyone can show me a single comment in my blog that I have written that attacks mothers who can't breastfeed or mothers who use formula I will remove it and apologize.
sincerely
Kim

I have received an email asking me to stop putting information about breast feeding in my blog and have read several threads attacking my decision to post information about breastfeeding in my blog.  These people have said that my blogs and advice are all ‘breast is best’.
If you actually read my blogs you will find that although many are about breastfeeding the main theme is not “breast is best”. I have selected the articles I have linked to for other reasons. Often I only place a link to an article and a quick description free of personal comment, other than to say it is interesting or sad etc (usually typing one handed while holding a feeding or sleeping baby). The themes that have been interesting me recently have been - extended breastfeeding, breastfeeding in public, discrimination against breastfeeding mothers and the actions of the major companies to increase formula feeding.

 Of the 27 blogs I have posted that have anything to do with breastfeeding only five could really be seen as 'breast is best' and many of them were posted for other reasons.

 Here is a summary of my recent blog posts.

 Is your breastmilk waning?

-         an article with advice on how to increase breast milk production. This type of information may actually help a mother who is having difficulty with breastfeeding but wants to continue to keep going.
Not a breast is best- just supportive information for breastfeeding mothers.

       Breast-fed babies are guide to growth.

Babies overfed due to outdated growth charts.

Two newspaper articles about the introduction of new birth weight charts in the UK. Old charts provided information that was not accurate for breastfed babies and often resulted in breastfeeding mothers being wrongly told their baby was underweight. As a result of the old charts many breastfeeding mothers switched to formula because they were told that their baby was underweight when they weren’t.

Not a breast is best- just supportive information for breastfeeding mothers.

 Help Prevent Breast Cancer

Information on how breastfeeding can help the mother. Given that I lost an Aunt to breast cancer I find this information useful. Am I the only one?

 Why am I doing this?

An explanation of why I choose to provide information about breastfeeding.

 Another go at "taking down the almighty bottle"

The article I have linked to explains how the bottle feeding culture undermines the support women receive to keep breastfeeding and the subtle and not so subtle message out there that you shouldn’t breast feed past a few months. Actually quite and interesting read.

 Formula companies get breastfeeding ads toned down

A link to a newspaper article that shows how big companies (formula manufacturers) used their money to influence government policy and decisions. This article is about America but it happens all over the world. Not a breast is best article! Other Minti users used the comments section to turn it into that debate.

 

 

Breastfeeding in public- views from around the world.

An interesting look at how breastfeeding in public is viewed in different cultures. Not a breast is best article!

 

When is a child too old to be breastfed?

Some of my best friends are still breastfeeding their sons aged two and nearly three. They get funny looks and sometimes comments. As I intend to keep feeding Natalya I wanted information on the benefit of extended breastfeeding. I thought that this article may help other mothers in the same situation.  Not so much breast is best as more about extended breastfeeding.

 

What if breastfeeding were advertised It is a humorous look at the breast as a product to be marketed. Not breast is best! Risks of Artificial Feeding.

As I said in the blog at the time.. Some people have said that they didn't believe that there was evidence that formula was really that bad. I found a list of articles

OK– this one could be interpreted as breast is best but it does also provide information to those who are interested. The title I have used is the one from the article I have linked to. By using that title it should stop people stumbling on this information but mistake. They know what they are in for before they click on the link.

 

Is it really just a coincidence?

An article about the placement of a formula ad in a parenting magazine and a celebrity who is very pro formula feeding- and the response to this situation from the Breastfeeding lobby. I haven’t provided much in the way of personal comment but asked what other people think.

 

What do you think?

Once again a link without personal comment to an article about banning formula advertising. Not a breast is best!

 

Here is a sad story for you

Here is a story about a custody case. Court official recommends Mom stops breastfeeding

Once again not a breast is best!

 

New York Board of Health 1914. Ten reasons a mother should nurse her baby.

Historical information from before the first world war. I thought it was interesting. I guess it may be interpreted as breast is best 1914 style, but I actually placed it here for historical interest. I have included it in the count of breast is best articles.

 

Breastfeeding mother given parking fine.

Discrimination against mothers! This could have happened to a mother trying to feed her baby a bottle too! Not a breast is best. The title comes from the article I have linked to.

 

Optimising the health of your formula fed baby

Definitely not a breast is best article.

 

The deadly influence of formula in America

by MumKim

14:57

9 comments

21 Visits

Edit

Delete

I just found this fascinating article called The deadly influence of formula in America. By placing this link in my blog I am just trying to make the information available to people who may be choosing whether to breast or bottle feed. I intend no offense to women who fed their babies formula, I just want to make the information more available to people who may be making decisions about if or when to wean onto formula so that they have the option of making an educated choice.

Ok this could be seen as a breast is best however if you read the comments you will find that some members who bottle fed have thanked me for placing the information here as they found it interesting.

 

101 Reasons to Breastfeed Your Child

As well as the usual breast is best stuff at the beginning there are some other quite interesting ones from about point 46 onwards. Much of the later stuff was new information to me.

 

Ouch she keeps biting my nipples

Not so much breast is best as breast is painful.

 

Reasons for choosing not to breastfeed

This is a link to an article called Advantages to Formula feed.  Many breastfeeding mothers are pressured by well meaning family and friends to put their child on the bottle. This article provides information to counter those arguments. More than just a breast is best article

 

Mother asked to leave Mc Donalds - for breastfeeding

Discrimination against breastfeeding – not a breast is best.

 

Other uses for breast pads.

Yes it contains the word breast but it is not actually about breast feeding. Not a breast is best.

 

Mayor wins 7000 pounds after councils ban on breastfeeding

Discrimination against a mother and not just for breastfeeding. Not a breast is best.

 

Breastfeeding mothers no more fatigued than artificially feeding mothers.

 

Information about fatigue and breastfeeding rather than breast is best.

 

Some people will flop their tits out anywhere!

Discrimination against a breastfeeding mother

 

Feel Free to Feed Campaign

Information about breastfeeding in public – not a breast is best.

Why is blogging about breastfeeding so bad? Do I really need to censor my blog?

Someone recently blogged that one mother was putting a lot of stuff in the advice section about breast is best. Given that I recently placed a few breastfeeding support articles in the advice I assume they are talking about me.
The articles I placed were not just "breast is best" type articles as their blog claimed. I was actually very careful to only post articles designed to help mothers who were breast feeding to overcome difficulties with breast feeding.
Many people have difficulty breastfeeding and it is sometimes only by receiving the right information at the right time that we can overcome these difficulties. The first article I posted was about why I was providing the information.
I am begining to think that some mothers who were unable to breastfeed don't want anyone else to succeed at it either. Why else would they object whenever someone posted information about the positive benefits of breastfeeding or information to help breastfeeding mothers.

I don't have an issue with mothers who use formula but I do have a big issue with the irresponsible marketing of formula by the companies. The have created a bottle culture in many places that makes breastfeeding more difficult. They have convinced many people in both developing and developed countries that their product is better than breastmilk. That has lead to many babies who otherwise would have received breast milk receiving the expensive but inferior substitute unnecessarily.

I just got back from a Superheros and Fairy Princesses party at the local family centre for child protection week. As Natalya is only 8 months old I hadn't bothered to get her a costume. I think she looks gorgeous what ever she wears, but some of her baby friends had little fairy skirts on. Natalya thought their skirts were very tasty and fun to pull on. Unfortunately I left the camera in her walking stroller and because she had a nap before we left we had to drive instead of walk. Some of the other mothers took photos though so I will try to put some up later.

Here is a link to the article.

Here is a link to the article in Time magazine.
Some people don't understand my decision not to allow Natalya to watch television until she is two.

Here is a link to the article

Here is a great article on increasing breastmilk production.

Here is a recent article from the times.

This is a British article about introducing new growth charts.
Australia has recently updated their old charts.

I found this quote recently and quite liked it.

Help Prevent Breast Cancer

Support Breastfeeding!

Here is an article about how breast feeding prevents breast cancer.
Check Out this cool license plate frame.

Lately I have been putting a lot of stuff about breastfeeding in my blog. You may wonder why I am doing this. My daughter is now 8 months old and I am still breastfeeding her. In fact I intend to keep breastfeeding her until she decides she has had enough. Some of my best friends are still breastfeeding toddlers and slightly older children. They often get funny looks and comments even from family. Given this I have recently been researching and reading as much as I could find about breastfeeding and extended breastfeeding so I am prepared for when the comments start.

I have noticed that often pro breastfeeding articles, blogs, comments etc are interpreted by some people as 'making formula feeding mothers feel guilty". This has certainly not been my intent, not I suspect the intent of most who write pro breast feeding articles, blogs or comments. Most of my reasons for writing about breastfeeding have been expressed better than I could by

Dr. Jack Newman, MD, FRCPC
August, 1997 http://www.promom.org/bf_info/guilt.htm

permission has been given to copy his article
This page's content (NOT its design) may be copied and distributed without further permission.

Breastfeeding and Guilt

One of the most powerful arguments many health professionals, government agencies and formula company manufacturers make for not promoting and supporting breastfeeding is that we should "not make the mother feel guilty for not breastfeeding". Even some strong breastfeeding advocates are disarmed by this "not making mothers feel guilty" ploy.

Because, indeed, it is nothing more than a ploy. It is an argument which deflects attention from the lack of knowledge and understanding of most health professionals about breastfeeding. This allows them not to feel guilty for their ignorance of how to help women overcome difficulties with breastfeeding, which could have been overcome and usually which could have been prevented in the first place if mothers were not so undermined in their attempts to breastfeed. This argument also seems to allow formula companies and health professionals to pass out formula company literature and free samples of formula to pregnant women and new mothers without pangs of guilt, though it has been well demonstrated that this literature and the free samples decrease the rate and duration of breastfeeding.

Let's look at real life. If a pregnant woman went to her physician and admitted she smoked a pack of cigarettes, is there not a strong chance that she would leave the office feeling guilty for endangering her developing baby? If she admitted to drinking a couple of beers every so often, is there not a strong chance that she would leave the office feeling guilty? If a mother admitted to sleeping in the same bed with her baby, would most physicians not make her feel guilty for this even though it is the best thing for her and the baby? If she went to the office with her one week old baby and told the physician that she was feeding her baby homogenized milk, what would be the reaction of her physician? Most would practically collapse and have a fit. And they would have no problem at all making that mother feel guilty for feeding her baby cow's milk, and then pressuring her to feed the baby formula. (Not pressuring her to breastfeed, it should be noted, because "you wouldn't want to make a woman feel guilty for not breastfeeding".)

Why such indulgence for formula? The reason of course, is that the formula companies have succeeded so brilliantly with their advertising to convince most of the world that formula feeding is just about as good as breastfeeding, and therefore there is no need to make such a big deal about women not breastfeeding. As a vice president of Nestle here in Toronto was quoted as saying "Obviously, advertising works". It is also a balm for the consciences of many health professionals who, themselves, did not breastfeed, or their wives did not breastfeed. "I will not make women feel guilty for not breastfeeding, because I don't want to feel guilty for my child not being breastfed".

Let's look at this a little more closely. Formula is certainly theoretically more appropriate for babies than cow's milk. But, in fact, there are no clinical studies which show that there is any difference between babies fed cow's milk and those fed formula. Not one. Breastmilk, and breastfeeding, which is not the same as breastmilk feeding, has many more theoretical advantages over formula than formula has over cow's milk (or other animal milk). And we are just learning about many of these advantages. Almost every day there are more studies telling us about these theoretical advantages. But there is also a wealth of clinical data showing that, even in affluent societies, breastfed babies, and their mothers incidentally, are much better off than formula fed babies. They have fewer ear infections, fewer gut infections, a lesser chance of developing juvenile diabetes and many other illnesses. The mother has a lesser chance of developing breast and ovarian cancer, and is probably protected against osteoporosis. And these are just a few examples.

So how should we approach support for breastfeeding? All pregnant women and their families need to know the risks of formula feeding. All should be encouraged to breastfeed, and all should get the best support available for starting breastfeeding once the baby is born. Because all the good intentions in the world will not help a mother who has developed terribly sore nipples because of the baby's poor latch at the breast. Or a mother who has been told, almost always inappropriately, that she must stop breastfeeding because of some medication or illness in her or her baby. Or a mother whose supply has not built up properly because she was given wrong information. Make no mistake about it—health professionals' advice is often the single most common reason for mothers' failing at breastfeeding!

If mothers get the information about the risks of formula feeding and decide to formula feed, they will have made an informed decision. This information must not come from the formula companies themselves, as it often does. Their pamphlets give some advantages of breastfeeding and then go on to imply that their formula is almost, actually just as good. If mothers get the best help possible with breastfeeding, and find breastfeeding is not for them, they will get no grief from me. It is important to know that a woman can easily switch from breastfeeding to bottle feeding. In the first days or weeks—no big problem. But the same is not true for switching from bottle feeding to breastfeeding. It is often very difficult or impossible, though not always.

Finally, who does feel guilty about breastfeeding? Not the women who make an informed choice to bottle feed. It is the woman who wanted to breastfeed, who tried, but was unable to breastfeed. In order to prevent women feeling guilty about not breastfeeding what is required is not avoiding promotion of breastfeeding, but promotion of breastfeeding coupled with good, knowledgeable and skillful support. This is not happening in most North American or European societies.

 

Dr. Jack Newman, MD, FRCPC
August, 1997
This page's content (NOT its design) may be copied and distributed without further permission.

Breastfeeding and Guilt

I found this brilliant article about how bottle feeding is part of the culture. Hopefully the link will work this time.

In the US the formula companies have successfully lobbied to have public health advertising on breastfeeding toned down. Read more here

I just found this great site with comments from people about how breastfeeding in public is viewed in their country. Some of the comments are very supportive.

Natalya certainly has timing! She was born on Christmas Eve.
Many of her little baby friends a month or so younger than her have already been saying mama and dada, but not Natalya. Yesterday she finally got some front consonant sounds and all of sudden we had mum and baba but not dada. It was a very sudden change in her vocalisations, even her vowels sounded different. A real milestone. Then today on Fathers Day she finally said Dada

Interesting news article.

Here is a sample ad for breastfeeding

You may have noticed that I have been writing a few blogs about breastfeeding and about formula. Some people have said that the didn't believe that there was evidence that formula was really that bad. I found a list of articles  Compiled by Dr. Jack Newman, MD, FRCPC
Revised: January 16, 1998
This page's content (NOT its design) may be copied and distributed without further permission


Here they are

(Studies done mostly in affluent societies)

Risks to infant and child

Review:

1. Walker M. A fresh look at the risks of artificial feeding. J Hum Lact 1993;9:97-107

2. Cunningham AS, Jelliffe DB, Jelliffe EFP. Breastfeeding and health in the 1980’s: a global epidemiologic review. J Pediatr 1991;118:659-66

Cognitive Development

CD (review): Andraca I, Uauy R. Breastfeeding for optimal mental development. Simopoulos AP, Dutra de Oliveira JE, Desai ID (eds): Behavioral and Metabolic Aspects of Breastfeeding. World Rev Nutr Diet. Basel, Karger, 1995;78:1-27

CD-1: Morrow-Tlucak M, Haude RH, Ernhart CB. Breastfeeding and cognitive development in the first 2 years of life. Soc Sci Med 1988;26:635-9

CD-2: Taylor B, Wadsworth J. Breastfeeding and child development at five years. Dev Med Child Neurol 1984;26:73-80

CD-3: Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, Lister G, Leeson-Payne C. Breastmilk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 1992;339:261-4

CD-4: Nettleton JA. Are n-3 fatty acids essential nutrients for fetal and infant development. J Am Diet Assoc 1993;93:58-64

CD-5: Rogan WJ, Gladen BC. Breastfeeding and cognitive development. Early Hum Dev 1993;31:181-93

CD-6: Silver LB, Levinson RB, Laskin CR, Pilot LJ. Learning disabilities as a probable consequence of using chloride-deficient infant formula. J Pediatr 1989;115:97-9

CD-7: Willoughby A, Moss HA, Hubbard VS, Bercu BB, Graubard BI, Vietze PM, et al. Developmental outcome in children exposed to chloride deficient formula. Pediatrics 1987;79:851-7

CD-8: Wing CS. Defective infant formulas and expressive language problems: a case study. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 1990;21:22-7

CD-9: Crawford MA. The role of essential fatty acids in neural development: implications for perinatal nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57(suppl):703S-10S

CD-10: Temboury MC, Otero A, Polanco I, Arribas E. Influence of breastfeeding on the infant’s intellectual development. J Pediatric Gastroenterol Nutr 1994;18:32-36

CD-11: Pollock JI. Longterm associations with infant feeding in a clinically advantaged population of babies. Dev Med Child Neur 1994;36:429-40

CD-12: Makrides M, Neumann MA, Byard RW, Simmer K, Gibson RA. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina and erythrocytes in breast and formula fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:189-94

CD-14: Anderson GJ, Connor WE, Corliss JD. Docosohexaenoic acid is the preferred dietary n-3 fatty acid for the development of the brain and retina. Pediatr Res 1990;27:87-97

CD-15: Neuringer M, Connor WE, Lin DS, Barstad L, Luck S. Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sc USA 1986;83:4021-5

CD-16: Florey C Du V, Leech AM, Blackhall A. Infant feeding and mental and motor development at 18 months of age in first born singletons. Int J Epidem 1995;24 (Suppl 1):S21-6

CD-17: Wang YS, Wu SY. The effect of exclusive breastfeeding on development and incidence of infection in infants. JHL 1996;12:27-30

CD-18: Greene LC, Lucas A, Livingstone BE, Harland PSEG, Baker BA. Relationship between early diet and subsequent cognitive performance during adolescence. Biochem Soc Trans 1995;23:376S

CD-19: Riva E, Agostoni C, Biasucci G, Trojan S, Luotti D, Fiori L, et al. Early breastfeeding is linked to higher intelligence quotient scores in dietary treated phenylketonuric children. Acta Pædiatr 1996;85:56-8

CD-20: Niemelä A, Järvenpää A-L. Is breastfeeding beneficial and maternal smoking harmful to the cognitive development of children? Acta Pædiatr 1996;85:1202-6

CD-21: Rodgers B. Feeding in infancy and later ability and attainment: a longitudinal study. Devel Med Child Neurol 1978;20:421-6

CD-22: Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Breastfeeding and later cognitive and academic outcomes. Pediatrics 1998;101:p. e9

SIDS

SIDS-1: Mitchell EA, Scragg R, Stewart AW, Becroft DMO, Taylor BJ, For RPK, et al. Results from the first year of the New Zealand cot death study. NZ Med J 1991;104:71-6

Insulin Dependent Diabetes

Working Group on Cow’s Milk Protein and Diabetes Mellitus of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Infant feeding practices and their possible relationship to the etiology of diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 1994;94:752-4

JD-1: Karjalainen J, Martin JM, Knip M, Ilonen J, Robinson BH, Savilahti E, et al. A bovine albumin peptide as a possible trigger of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Eng J Med 1992;327:302-7

JD-2: Mayer EJ, Hamman RF, Gay EC, Lezotte DC, Savitz DA, Klingensmith J. Reduced risk of IDDM among breastfed children. Diabetes 1988;37:1625-32

JD-3: Virtanen SM, Räsänen L, Ylönen K, Aro A, Clayton D, Langlholz B, et al. Early introduction of dairy products associated with increased risk of IDDM in Finnish children. Diabetes 1993;42:1786-90

JD-4: Virtanen SM, Räsänen L, Aro A, Lindström J, Sippola H, Lounamaa R, et al. Infant feeding in Finnish children <7 yr of age with newly diagnosed IDDM. Diabetes Care 1991;14:415-17

JD-5: Gerstein HC. Cow’s milk exposure and type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1994;17:13-9

JD-6: Kostraba JN, Cruickshanks KJ, Lawler-Heavner J, Jobim LF, Rewers MJ, Gay EC, et al. Early exposure to cow’s milk and solid foods in infancy, genetic predisposition, and risk of IDDM. Diabetes 1993;42:288-95

JD-7: Pérez-Bravo F, Carrasco E, Gutierrez-López MD, Martínez MT, López G, García de los Rios M. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors leading to the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Chilean children. J Mol Med 1996;74:105-9

Cow milk Allergy and Intolerance

CM-1: Høst A. Importance of the first meal on the development of cow’s milk allergy and intolerance. Allergy Proc 1991;12:227-32

Respiratory Illness

RI-1: Pullan CR, Toms GL, Martin AJ, Gardner PS, Webb JKG, Appleton DR. Breastfeeding and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Br Med J 1980;281:1034-6

RI-2: Chiba Y, Minagawa T, Mito K, Nakane A, Suga K, Honjo T, Nakao T. Effect of breastfeeding on responses of systemic interferon and virus-specific lymphocyte transformation with respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Virology 1987;21:7-14

RI-3: Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Morgan WJ, Taussig LM. Breastfeeding and lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life. Br Med J 1989;299:946-9

RI-4: Porro E, Indinnimeo L, Antognoni G, Midulla F, Criscione S. Early wheezing and breastfeeding. J Asthma 1993;30:23-8

RI-5: Burr ML, Limb ES, Maguire JM, Amarah L, Eldridge BA, Layzell JCM, Merret TG. Infant feeding, wheezing, and allergy: a prospective study. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:724-28

RI-6: Pisacane A, Graziano L, Zona G, Granata G, Dolezalova H, Cafiero M, et al. Breastfeeding and acute lower respiratory infection. Acta Pædiatr 1994;83:714-18

RI-7: Beaudry M, Dufour R, Marcoux S. Relation between infant feeding and infections during the first six months of life. J Pediatr 1995;126:191-7

RI-8: Okamoto Y, Ogra PL. Antiviral factors in human milk: implications in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Acta Pædiatr Scand Suppl 1989;351:137-43

RI-9: Downham MAPS, Scott R, Sims DG, Webb JKG, Gardner PS. Breastfeeding protects against respiratory syncytial virus infections. Br Med J 1976;2:274-6

RI-10: Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Taussig LM, Martinez FD. Relationship of infant feeding to recurrent wheezing at age 6 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149:758-63

RI-11: Yue Chen. Synergistic effect of passive smoking and artificial feeding on hospitalization for respiratory illness in early childhood. Chest 1989;95:1004-07

Otitis Media

OM-1: Saarinen UM. Prolonged breastfeeding as prophylaxis for recurrent otitis media. Acta Pediatr Scand 1982;71:567-71

OM-2: Teele DW, Klein JO, Rosner B. Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective cohort study. J Infect Dis 1989;160:83-94

OM-3: Duncan B, Ey J, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD, Taussig LJ. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months protects against otitis media. Pediatrics 1993;91:867-72

OM-4: Owen MJ, Baldwin CD, Swank PR, Pannu AK, Johnson DL, Howie VM. Relation of infant feeding practices, cigarette smoke exposure and group child care to the onset and duration of otitis media with effusion in the first two years of life. J Pediatr 1993;123:702-11

OM-5: Harabuchi Y, Faden H, Yamanaka N, Duffy L, Wolf J, Krystofik D. Human milk secretory IgA antibody to nontypeable Hæmophilus influenzæ: Possible protective effects against nasopharyngeal colonization. J Pediatr 1994;124:193-8

OM-6: Aniansson G, Alm B, Andersson B, Håkansson A, Larsson P, Nylén O, et al. A prospective cohort study on breastfeeding and otitis media in Swedish infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:183-8

OM-7: Paradise JL, Elster BA, Tan L. Evidence in infants with cleft palate that breast milk protects against otitis media. Pediatrics 1994;94:853-60

OM-8: Sassen ML, Brand R, Grote JJ. Breastfeeding and acute otitis media. Am J Otolaryn 1994;15:351-7

OM-9: Dewey KG, Heinig J, Nommsen-Rivers LA. Differences in morbidity between breastfed and formula fed infants. J Pediatr 1995;126:696-702 (risk also increased in FF infant for otitis)

Risks for the premature baby

P-1: Lucas A, Cole TJ. Breastmilk and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Lancet 1990;336:1519-23

P-2: El-Mohandes AE, Picard MB, Simmens SJ, Keiser JF. Use of human milk in the intesive care nursery decreases the incidence of nosocomial sepsis. J Perinatol 1997;17:130-4

P-3: Daniels L, Gibson R, Simmer K. Selenium status of preterm infants: the effect of postnatal age and method of feeding. Acta Pædiatr 1997;86:281-8 (M:23)

P-4: Uauy RD, Birch DG, Birch EE, Tyson JE, Hoffman DR. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very low birth weight neonates. Pediatr Res 1990;28:485-92 (M:18)

P-5: Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, Lister G, Leeson-Payne C. Breastmilk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 1992;339:261-4 (CD: 3)

P-6: Bishop NJ, Dahlenburg SL, Fewtrell MS, Morley R, Lucas A. Early diet of preterm infants and bone mineralization at age five years. Acta Paediatr 1996;85:230-6

P-7: Carlson SE, Rhodes PG, Ferguson MG. Docosahexaenoic acid status of preterm infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;44:798-804

P-8: Foreman-van Drongelen MMHP, van Houwelingen AC, Kester ADM, Hasaart THM, Blanco CE, Hornstra G. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in preterm infants: status at birth and its influence on postnatal levels. J Pediatr 1997;126:611-8

P-9: Bier JB, Ferguson AE, Morales Y, Liebling JA, Oh W, Vohr BR. Breastfeeding infants who were extremely low birth weight. Pediatrics 1997;100:p e3

Childhood Cancer

CC-1: Schwartzbaum JA, George SL, Pratt CB, Davis B. An exploratory study of environmental and medical factors potentially related to childhood cancer. Med pediatr Oncol 1991;19:115-21

CC-2: Davis MK, Savitz DA. Graubard BI. Infant feeding and childhood cancer. Lancet 1988;2:365-8

CC-3: Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Graham S, Laughlin R, Vena JE, Bandera E, et al. Exposure to breastmilk in infancy and the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 1994;5:324-31

Gastrointestinal Disease and Infections

GI-1: Koletzko S, Sherman P, Corey M, Griffiths A, Smith C. Role of infant feeding practices in the developement of Crohn’s disease in childhood. Br Med J 1989;298:1617-8

GI-2: Greco L, Auricchio S, Mayer M, Grimaldi M. Case control study on nutritional risk factors in celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988;7:395-8

GI-3: Duffy LC, Byers TE, Riepenhoff-Talty M, La Scolea L, Zielezny M, Ogra PL. The effects of infant feeding on rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis. A prospective study. Am J Pub Health 1986;76:259-63 GI-4: Hanson LA, Lindquist B, Hofvander Y, Zetterstrom R. Breastfeeding as a protection against gastroenteritis and other infections. Acta Pediatr Scand 1985;74:641-2

GI-5: Ruiz-Palacios GM, Calva JJ, Pickering LK, Lopez-Vidal Y, Volkow P, Pezzarossi H, et al. Protection of breastfed infants against Campylobacter diarrhea by antibodies in human milk. J Pediatr 1990;116:707-13

GI-6: Cruz JR, Gil L, Cano F, Caceres P, Pareja G. Breastmilk anti-Escherichia coli heat labile toxin IgA antibodies protect against toxin-induced infantile diarrhea. Acta Pediatr Scand 1988;77:658-62

GI-7: Gillin FD, Reiner DS, Wang C-S. Human milk kills parasitic intestinal protozoa. Science 1983;221:1290-2

GI-8: France GL, Marmer DJ, Steele RW. Breastfeeding and Salmonella infection. Am J Dis Child 1980;134:147-52

GI-9: Haffejee IE. Cow’s milk-based formula, human milk and soya feeds in acute infantile diarrhea: A therapeutic trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990;10:193-8

GI-10: Lerman Y, Slepon R, Cohen D. Epidemiology of acute diarrheal diseases in children in a high standard of living rural settlement in Israel. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:116-22

GI-11: Howie PW, Forsyth JS, Ogston SA, Clark A, Du V Florey C. Protective effect of breastfeeding against infection. Br Med J 1990;300:11-6

GI-12: Duffy LC, Riepenhoff-Talty M, Byers TE, La Scolea LJ, Zielezny MA, Dryja DM et al. Modulation of rotavirum enteritis during breastfeeding. Am J Dis Child 1986;140:1164-8

GI-13: Haddock RL, Cousens SN, Guzman CC. Infant diet and salmonellosis. Am J Pub Health 1991;81:997-1000

GI-14: Scariati PD, Grummer-Strawn LM, Fein SB. A longitudinal analysis of infant morbidity and the extent of breastfeeding in the United States. Pediatrics 1997;99, June 1997;e5 (also for otitis media)

Urinary Tract Infection

UT-1: Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, Scarpellino B, Zona G. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. J Pediatr 1992;120:87-9

Malocclusion

MA-1: Labbock MH, Hendershot GE. Does breastfeeding protect against malocclusion? An analysis of the 1981 child health supplement to the national health interview survey. Am J Prev Med 1987;3:227-32

Formula as a heavy metal cocktail

HM-1: Koo WWK, Kaplan LA, Krug-Wispe SK. Aluminum contamination of infant formulas. J Parenteral Enteral Nutrition 1988;12:170-3

HM-2: Davidsson L, Cederblad Å, Lönnerdal B, Sandström B. Manganese absorption from human milk, cow’s milk and infant formulas in humans. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:823-7

HM-3: Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD. Lead and cadmium levels in commercial infant foods and dietary intake by infants 0-1 year old. Food Additives and Contaminants 1988;5:333-42

Other Contamination due to bottle feeding

C-1: Mytjens HL, Roelofs-Willemse H, Jaspar GHJ. Quality of powdered substitutes for breastmilk with regard to members of the family Enterobacteriaceæ. J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:743-6

C-2: Biering G, Karlsson S, Clark NC, Jonsdottir KE, Ludvigsson P, Steingrimsson O. Three cases of neonatal meningitis caused by Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:2054-6

C-3: Westin JB. Ingestion of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines by infants and children. Arch Environmental Health 1990;45:359-63

Allergy

A-1: Lucas A, Brooke OG, Morley R, Cole TJ, Bamford MF. Early diet of preterm infants and development of allergic or atopic disease: randomized prospective study. Br Med J 1990;300:837-40

A-2: Kajosaari M, Saarinen UM. Prophylaxis of atopic disease by six months’ total solid food elimination. Acta Pediatr Scand 1983;72:411-14

A-3: Ellis MH, Short JA, Heiner DC. Anaphylaxis after ingestion of a recently introduced hydrolyzed whey protein protein formula. J Pediatr 1991;118:74-7

A-4: Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M. Breastfeeding as prophylaxis against atopic disease: prospective follow-up study until 17 years old. Lancet 1995;346:1065-69

A-5: Saylor JD, Bahna SL. Anaphylaxis to casein hydrolysate formula. J Pediatr 1991;118:71-4

A-6: Marini A, Agosti M, Motta G, Mosca F. Effects of a dietary and environmental prevention programme on the incidence of allergic symptoms in high atopic risk infants: three years’ followup. Acta Pædiatr 1996;Suppl 414 vol 85:1-19

Miscellaneous

M-1: McJunkin JE, Bithoney WG, McCormick MC. Errors in formula concentration in an outpatient population. J Pediatr 1987;111:848-50

M-2: Specker BL, Tsang RC, Ho ML, Landi TM, Gratton TL. Low serum calcium and high parathyroid hormone levels in neonates fed "humanized" cow’s milk-based formula. Am J Dis Child 1991;145:941-5

M2a: Jochum F, Fuchs A, Menzel H, Lombeck I. Selenium in German infants fed breastmilk or different formulas. Acta Paediatr 1995;84:859-62

M-3: Kramer MS. Do breastfeeding and delayed introduction of solid foods protect against subsequent obesity? J Pediatr 1981;98:883-7

M-4: Dick G. The etiology of multiple sclerosis. Proc Roy Soc Med. 1976;69:611-5

M-4b: Pisacane A, Impagliazzo N, Russo M, Valiani R, Mandarini A, Florio C, Vivo P. Breastfeeding and multiple sclerosis. Br Med J 1994;308:1411-2

M-5: Birch E, Birch D, Hoffman D, Hale L, Everett M, Uauy R. Breastfeeding and optimal visual development. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993;30:33-8

M-6: Makrides M, Simmer K, Googin M, Gibson RA. Erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid correlates with the visual response of healthy, term infants. Pediatr Res 1993;34:425-7

M-7: Sullivan SA, Birch LL. Infant dietary experience and acceptance of solid foods. Pediatrics 1994;93:271-77

M-8: Cochi SL, Fleming DW, Hightower AW, Limpakarnjanarat K, Facklam RR, Smith JD, et al. Primary invasive Hæmophilus influenzæ type b disease: A population-based assessment of risk factors. J Pediatr 1986;108:887-96

M-9: Arnold C, Makintube S, Istre GR. Day Care Attendance and other risk factors for invasive Hæmophilus influenzæ type b disease. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:333-40

M-9a: Takala AK, Eskola J, Palmgren J, Rönnberg P-R, Kela E, Rekola P, Mäkelä PH. Risk factors of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among children of Finland. J Pediatr 1989;115:694-701

M-10: Michaelsen KM, Johansen JS, Samuelson G, Price PA, Christiansen C, Skakkebæk NE. Serum bone Gla protein (BGP, Osteocalcin) in infants: Values positively correlated with human milk intake. Mechanisms Regulating Lactation and Infant Nutrient Utilization. (Picciano MF, Lönnerdal B, editors). Volume 15 of Contemporary Issues in Clinical Nutrition, pages 419-23.

M-11: Jones EG, Matheny RJ. Relationship between infant feeding and exclusion rate from child care because of illness. J Am Dietetic Assoc 1993;93:809-11

M-12: MacFarlane PI, Miller V. Human milk in the management of protracted diarrhœa of infancy. Arch Dis Child 1984;59, 260-65

M-13: Osborn GR. Stages in development of coronary disease observed from 1,500 young subjects. Relationship of hypotension and infant feeding to ætiology. Watson Smith Lecture, delivered to the Royal College of Physicians of London, January 11, 1965.

M13a: Bergström E, Hernell O, Persson LÅ, Vessby B. Serum lipid values in adolescents are related to family history, infant feeding, and physical growth. Atherosclerosis 1995;117:1-13

M-14: Keating JP, Schears GJ, Dodge PR. Oral water intoxication in infants. Am J Dis Child 1991;145:985-90

M-14a: Bruce RC, Kiegman RM. Hyponatremic seizures secondary to oral water intoxication in infancy: association wiht commercial bottled drinking water. Pediatrics 1997;100; p e4

M-15: Finberg L. Water intoxication. (editorial). Am J Dis Child 1991;145:981-2

M-16: Shannon MW, Graef JW. Lead intoxication in infancy. Pediatrics 1992;89:87-90

M-17: Nako Y, Fukushima N, Tomomasa T, Nagashima K. Hypervitaminosis D after prolonged feeding with a premature formula. Pediatrics 1993;92:862-3

M-18: Uauy RD, Birch DG, Birch EE, Tyson JE, Hoffman DR. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very low birth weight neonates. Pediatr Res 1990;28:485-92

M-19: Hahn-Zoric M, Fulconis F, Minoli I, Moro G, Carlsson B, Böttiger M, et al. Antibody responses to parenteral and oral vaccines are impaired by conventional and low protein formulas as compared to breastfeeding. Acta Pædiatr Scand 1990;79:1137-42

M-20: Arnon SS, Damus K, Thompson B, Midura TF, Chin J. Protective role of human milk against sudden death from infant botulism. J Pediatr 1982;100:568-73

M-21: Mason T, Rabinovich E, Fredrickson DD, Amoroso K, Reed AM, Stein LD, et al. Breastfeeding and the development of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1166-70

M-22: Hasselbalch H, Jeppesen DL, Engelmann MDM, Michaelson KF, Nielson MB. Decreased thymus size in formula-fed compared with breastfed infants. Acta Pædiatr 1996;85:1029-32

M-23: Daniels L, Gibson R, Simmer K. Selenium status of preterm infants: the effect of postnatal age and method of feeding. Acta Pædiatr 1997;86:281-8

M-24: Pettitt DJ, Forman MR, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Bennett PH. Breastfeeding and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Lancet 1997;350:166-8

M-25: Routi T, Rönnemaa T, Lapinleimu H, Salo P, Viikari J, Leino A, et al. Effect of weaning on serum lipoprotein (a) concentration: the STRIP baby study. Pediatric Research 1995;38:522-27

M-26: Bergströme E, Hernell O, Persson LÅ, Vessby B. Serum lipid values in adolescents are related to family history, infant feeding and physical growth. Atherosclerosis 1995;117:1-13

Breastmilk as "antimicrobial"

AM-1: Yoshioka H, Ken-ichi I, Fujita K. Development and differences of intestinal flora in the neonatal period in breastfed and bottle fed infants. Pediatrics 1983;72:317-21

AM-2: Hernell O, Ward H, Bläckberg L, Pereira MEA. Killing of Giardia lamblia by human milk lipases: An effect mediated by lipolysis of milk lipids. J Infectious Diseases 1986;153:715-20

AM-3: Andersson B, Porras O, Hanson LA, Lagergård T, Svanborg-Edén C. Inhibition of attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniæ and Hæmophilus influenzæ by human milk and receptor oligosaccharides. J Infectious Diseases 1986;153:232-7

AM-4: Bell LM, Clark HF, Offit PA, Slight PH, Arbeter AM, Plotkin SA. Rotavirus serotype-specific neutralizing activity in